Mas-sive freshwater inflows into oceans pose a threat to the stability of global sea levels. Thefrequency of extreme weather events has risen markedly-torrential rains trigger catastroph-ic floods submerging vast areas and destroying critical infrastructure; prolonged droughtslead to reduced crop yields and food security crises; increasingly intense hurricanes battercoastal regions, causing severe casualties and economic losses. Ecosystem balance has beendisrupted, with species habitats damaged and numerous rare species facing extinction risks,resulting in significant biodiversity decline. Socioeconomic structures also suffer impacts asclimate-dependent industries like agriculture and tourism experience direct effects, with pro-duction activities hindered and economic growth decelerated. Climate change is profoundlytransforming multiple dimensions ofreshapingEarth’s ecosystem.